Protein Arginine Deiminase
Peptidylarginine Deiminase
Protein arginine deiminase (PAD), is a group of calcium-dependent enzymes, which play crucial roles in citrullination, and can catalyze arginine residues into citrulline. his chemical reaction induces citrullinated proteins formation with altered structure and function, leading to numerous pathological diseases, including inflammation and autoimmune diseases. These pathologies established the PADs as therapeutic targets and multiple PAD inhibitors are known.
Humans encode five PADs, designated PADs 1-4 and PAD6. Of the five PAD isozymes (PAD1, 2, 3, 4 and 6), only four (PADs1-4) are catalytically active. PAD activity is tightly regulated by Ca2+ and PADs contain 4 (PAD1), 5 (PAD3, 4) or 6 (PAD2) Ca2+-binding sites. Dysregulated PAD activity, most notably PAD2 and PAD4, is associated with multiple inflammatory diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis) as well as cancer, and PAD inhibitors, such as Cl-amidine and BB-Cl-amidine, show efficacy in multiple preclinical animal models of disease.
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Protein Arginine Deiminase Related Products (64)
Related Products (64)
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GSK484 hydrochloride
0 ImagesGSK484 hydrochloride is a selective and reversible peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) inhibitor. GSK484 hydrochloride demonstrates high affinity binding to PAD4 with IC50s of 50 nM in the absence of Calcium. In the presence of 2 mM Calcium, notably lower potency (250 nM) is observed.
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Cl-amidine hydrochloride
0 ImagesCl-amidine hydrochloride is an orally active peptidylarginine deminase (PAD) inhibitor, with IC50 values of 0.8 μM, 6.2 μM and 5.9 μM for PAD1, PAD3, and PAD4, respectively. Cl-amidine hydrochloride induces apoptosis in cancer cells. Cl-amidine hydrochloride induces microRNA (miR)-16 (miRNA-16, microRNA-16) expression and causes cell cycle arrest. Cl-Amidine hydrochloride prevents histone 3 citrullination and neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and improves survival in a murine sepsis model.
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GSK484
0 ImagesGSK484 is a PAD4 inhibitor that effectively inhibits protein citrullination and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) by blocking the catalytic activity of PAD4. GSK484 suppresses the production of histone H3, MHC-I expression, CD8+ T cell activation, proliferation and inflammatory cytokine release. GSK484 reduces inflammation and bone destruction in collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis, alleviates pain and mast cell activation in sickle cell disease, and improves myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and experimental colitis. In addition, GSK484 restores intestinal microbial homeostasis by reversing ferroptosis-induced dysbiosis. GSK484 can be used to study the disease mechanisms of rheumatoid arthritis, sickle cell disease, thrombosis, myocardial injury, colitis and other conditions.
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BB-Cl-Amidine hydrochloride
0 ImagesBB-Cl-Amidine hydrochloride is a peptidylarginine deminase (PAD) inhibitor.
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AFM-30a hydrochloride
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-125099APurity: 98.99%AFM-30a hydrochloride is a potent protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) inhibitor and has excellent PAD2-selectivity. AFM-30a hydrochloride binds to PAD2 with an EC50 value of 9.5 μM. AFM-30a hydrochloride also inhibits H3 citrullination with an EC50 value of 0.4 μM. AFM-30a hydrochloride can be used for the research of certain cancers and a variety of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis, lupus, and ulcerative colitis.
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CAY10729
0 ImagesCat. No.: HY-181449CAS No.: 1644666-57-8CAY10729 (Compound 21) is a selective PAD2 inhibitor. CAY10729 inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap formation.
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AFM32a hydrochloride
0 ImagesSynonyms: PAD2-IN-1 hydrochlorideAFM32a (PAD2-IN-1) hydrochloride, a benzimidazole-based derivative, is a potent and selective protein arginine deiminase 2 (PAD2) inhibitor. AFM32a hydrochloride shows superior selectivity for PAD2 over PAD4 (95-fold) and PAD3 (79-fold).
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BB-Cl-Amidine
0 ImagesBB-Cl-Amidine is a peptidylarginine deminase (PAD) inhibitor.
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GSK199
0 ImagesGSK199 is an orally active, reversible, and selective PAD4 inhibitor with an IC50 of 200 nM in the absence of calcium. GSK199 can be used for the research of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Streptonigrin
0 ImagesStreptonigrin (Bruneomycin) is an orally active antibiotic and pan-PAD inhibitor, inhibiting PAD1, PAD2, PAD3 and PAD4 with IC50 of 48.3 μM, 26.1 μM, 0.43 μM and 2.5 μM, respectively. Streptonigrin inhibits SENP1 (IC50 of 0.518 μM) and reduces HIF1α. Streptonigrin increases p53 and Apoptosis. Streptonigrin shows antiviral activity against Rauscher murine leukemia virus. Streptonigrin has immunosuppressive effects. Streptonigrin has antitumor activity against osteosarcoma.
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D-Cl-amidine hydrochloride
0 ImagesD-Cl-amidine hydrochloride is a potent and highly selective PAD1 inhibitor. D-Cl-amidine is well-torelated with no significant toxicity.
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BMS-P5
0 ImagesBMS-P5 is a selective and orally active peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) inhibitor with an IC50 of 98 nM. BMS-P5 shows selective for PAD4 over PAD1, PAD2, and PAD3. BMS-P5 blocks multiple myeloma (MM)-induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and delays progression of MM in a syngeneic mouse model.
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BMS-P5 free base
0 ImagesBMS-P5 free base is a selective and orally active peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) inhibitor with an IC50 of 98 nM. BMS-P5 free base shows selective for PAD4 over PAD1, PAD2, and PAD3. BMS-P5 free base blocks multiple myeloma (MM)-induced neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation and delays progression of MM in a syngeneic mouse model.
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GSK121
0 ImagesGSK121 is a selective PAD4 inhibitor. GSK121 can be used in the research of PAD4-related diseases, including those characterized by abnormal NET levels and various tumors.
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Acefylline
0 ImagesSynonyms: Theophyllineacetic acid; Theophylline-7-acetic acidAcefylline (Theophyllineacetic acid), a xanthine derivative, is an Adenosine Receptor antagonist. Acefylline is a peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) activator. Acefylline is also a bronchodilator and cardiac stimulant that inhibits rat lung cAMP phosphodiesterase isoenzymes. Acefylline can be used in asthma research.
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Hydroquinine
0 ImagesHydroquinine (Dihydroquinine) is an anti-bacterial agent that inhibits both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Hydroquinine inhibits the growth of multidrug-resistant pseudomonas aeruginosa via the suppression of the arginine deiminase pathway genes. Hydroquinine inhibits Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei. Hydroquinine displays anti-malarial and demelanizing activities. Hydroquinine effectively induces specific RND-type efflux pump systems in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, particularly the MexCD-OprJ and MexXY efflux pumps. Hydroquinine inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion and biofilm formation. Hydroquinine serves as a precursor for derivatives such as C9 epihydroquinine, 9-acetoxy-10,11-dihydroquinine, and 10,11-dihydroquinine monohydrochloride.
